Low Carb Diet Vs Keto Diet
Is a low-carb or keto diet right for you?
- Do you need low carb?
- How low?
- Weight loss
- Diabetes or pre-diabetes
- High blood pressure
- Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
- Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
- Cholesterol abnormalities
- Epilepsy
- Cognitive decline
- Cancer adjunctive therapy
- Athletic performance
- Mental health, performance, and attention
A low-carb or keto diet can have many benefits, but not everyone needs to be on one. This guide presents some things to consider when choosing whether or not this kind of diet is right for you.
You can also read about a scientific paper exploring the potential contraindications to a keto diet.
1. Do you need low carb?
Do you have health concerns that a low-carb or keto diet might address?
Reducing carbohydrate intake – a little or a lot – can be an important first step in improving a number of health issues, especially obesity and metabolic issues. These health improvements can often be achieved by diet alone, without medications or other interventions that may have serious side effects.1
A low-carb or keto diet is not a "cure-all," but it can be a very effective first-line intervention or a complementary addition to therapies prescribed by a healthcare provider.
If you are already on medication — especially medications that lower blood sugar or blood pressure — or have other serious health concerns, you should seek the support of a healthcare provider when making any significant changes to your diet or lifestyle.
Can a low-carb or keto diet benefit you in other ways?
Dietary changes can affect other aspects of your life besides health, such as athletic performance, hunger levels, and the time you spend cooking. Although these areas are seldom investigated in scientific trials, many individuals and clinicians learn about these effects when using a low-carb or keto diet for other reasons.
You might not need a low-carb or keto diet if:
- You have no metabolic issues, are at a healthy weight, and otherwise tolerate carbohydrate foods easily.
- Diabetes and other metabolic diseases do not run in your family.
- You do not like to eat the kinds of foods that are encouraged on a low-carb or keto diet (although you can still do a keto diet even if you are vegetarian or vegan).
- You feel that reducing your intake of favorite carbohydrate foods would negatively impact your quality of life, no matter what health benefits might occur.
Some people may not have a reason to limit dietary carbohydrate, especially minimally-processed carbs such as root vegetables, fruit, and legumes. They feel great eating carbs, are at a healthy weight, and have no discernible health concerns, even after a thorough evaluation for glucose intolerance and insulin resistance.2
While carbohydrates are not needed for essential nutrition, they are in many foods that some people prefer to keep in their diets, such as fruit, whole grains, and below-ground vegetables.3
Health and lifestyle concerns
Follow the links to learn what science says about how a low-carb or keto diet can (or cannot) help:
- Weight loss
- Diabetes or pre-diabetes
- High blood pressure
- Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
- Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
- Cholesterol abnormalities
- Epilepsy
- Cognitive decline
- Cancer adjunctive therapy
- Athletic performance
- Mental health, performance, and attention
2. Moderate low-carb or keto: how low-carb do you need to go?
A keto diet and a generic low-carb diet are similar, but not the same. The distinction is the amount of carbs you consume each day.
A keto diet is typically 20 grams of net carbs or fewer per day — although the exact amount may vary among individuals. At this level, most people will achieve some degree of nutritional ketosis, which means their bodies are burning more fat (as opposed to glucose) for energy needs.4
However, not everyone needs to reduce carbohydrates to this level in order to benefit.
Although not universally agreed upon by experts, at Diet Doctor we believe a low-carb diet can include any range of carbohydrate intake from zero up to 100 grams of net carbs per day. See our guide on ketosis and our visual guide to various amounts of carbs in a meal:
What level is right for you?
How do you decide which level of carb consumption is right for you? Once you pick a level, should you stick to it all the time? The answers vary among individuals, depending on their starting points, goals, health histories, and other considerations.
The simple recommendations are:
- If you are treating or adding a complementary therapy to an established medical condition (type 2 diabetes, dementia, seizures, cancer, etc.), a strict ketogenic diet may be the most effective way to start.5 If you have other wellness or lifestyle concerns, then a low-carb approach of under 100 grams a day may be equally effective.6
- If you are trying to lose a significant amount of weight, a strict ketogenic diet may be more effective.7 If you are trying to maintain weight, a more liberal low-carb diet may be equally effective.8
- If cutting carbohydrates in your diet will impact other aspects of your life in positive or negative ways, consider the level of carbohydrate reduction that is personally and socially feasible. A person is not just a medical condition or a number on a scale. Enjoyment of food, social activities that center around food, food cultures and traditions — these are all part of a person's relationship with food. Taking these concerns into account can help you decide what level of carbohydrate reduction is right for you.
3. Where to start
If you decide that a low-carb or keto diet is right for you, here are some resources to help you get started:
4. Weight loss
Individuals can lose weight on a variety of diets. When comparing weight loss outcomes after a year or more, differences in diets often disappear.9 In this case, it is worth asking some other questions when choosing any diet for weight loss:
- Does this diet require "calorie counting" to deliberately restrict calories?
- What effect does the diet have on hunger and satiety?
- What effect does the diet have on resting metabolic rate?
- Can you maintain weight loss long term on this diet?
Here is how keto and low-carb diets both stack up against these questions:
1) No need to count calories: You may have heard that keto or low-carb diets are just another way of reducing calories to lose weight. At Diet Doctor, however, we recommend that people starting a low-carb or keto diet do not count calories. Instead, you eat when you are hungry and stop when you are full — provided that the foods you are eating are on the keto foods list or are found in our keto or low-carb recipes.
This approach usually has people feeling satisfied and full at lower calorie levels. In fact, in experimental settings, individuals who were put on a ketogenic diet had less hunger and a reduced appetite, which spontaneously reduced their calorie intake even though they were told to eat as much of the allowed foods as they would like.10 If you are not a fan of keeping track of your calories in-calories out, you may prefer to follow a low-carb or keto diet where you pay attention to what kinds of food you eat, rather than how much.
2) Reduced hunger, more satiety: Why do people on low-carb diets eat less without deliberately restricting calories? Making protein a priority can lead to feeling satisfied sooner.11 In addition, low-carb and keto meals may help trigger hormones that lead to a natural reduction in calorie intake, especially in those who are overweight or insulin resistant.12
A study comparing eating eggs to eating a bagel for breakfast showed that the low-carb, higher-protein egg breakfast increased satiety and reduced calorie intake for up to 36 hours. Another study showed that eggs for breakfast also led to a beneficial lowering of insulin and ghrelin – hormones known to affect hunger levels and food intake.13
3) Higher metabolic rate: You may have heard that "all diets fail" or that "the best diet for you is the one you can stick to." While the second statement is certainly true, whether or not a diet "fails" may be at least partially related to its effect on metabolic rate. Choosing a lower-carb diet that preserves or increases resting energy expenditure may make it easier to maintain weight loss over the long-term.
At least two important studies have shown that a lower carb diet (10 – 20% of total calories) increases or preserves resting energy expenditure during weight loss maintenance, whereas a higher carbohydrate diet (60% of calories) decreases metabolic rate.14
4) Lasting results: A lower-carb diet can help maintain weight loss not only because of increased energy expenditure, but because the foods recommended on a low-carb diet are ones that many people enjoy ― and even miss when they are trying to count calories and reduce dietary fat. Keto and low-carb diets are full of above ground vegetables, dairy, eggs, meat, fish, cheese, butter, and more.
Any diet can be boring and monotonous, and only you can decide whether you prefer the recommended foods for a low-calorie, reduced-fat diet or a low-carb diet. But the many delicious and satisfying foods included in keto and low-carb diets can make these diets easy to "stick to" long term.
How low to go for weight loss?
No clinical studies as yet have compared low-carb to keto diets to determine which approach is better for weight loss. Clinical experience and opinion favor greater carbohydrate reduction for faster results.15
You may want to start with a ketogenic diet of fewer than 20 grams net carbohydrates and see how you do. Then, after a few months, if you want to transition to a 50- or even 75-gram carbohydrate diet, you can experiment with that. Just remember to focus on higher quality, minimally processed sources of carbohydrates. If you find your weight loss stalls or reverses, then you know a keto diet is more effective for you. If your weight loss continues at a pace you are happy with, then you can stick to a low-carb diet with slightly more carbs.16
Where to start: For more information on losing weight with a keto or low-carb diet, see our guide:
How to lose weight
Guide Do you have trouble losing weight? Or would you like to lose faster? You've come to the right place. Your weight is hormonally regulated. If you reduce the levels of your fat-storing hormone, insulin, you'll have a way easier time losing excess weight. Get ready for weight loss without hunger.
5. Diabetes or pre-diabetes
Dr. Sarah Hallberg and her colleagues at Virta Health showed that a ketogenic diet is effective at reversing type 2 diabetes and eliminating the need for glucose-lowering medications.17
Within just 10 weeks, patients adhering to the ketogenic diet and receiving coaching significantly reduced their HbA1c, weight, and medication use. More importantly, after one year, 60 percent were still free of the metabolic signs of diabetes, had discontinued or greatly reduced their medications, and had improved other health issues including blood pressure, insulin resistance, inflammatory markers, and lipids.
By contrast, the majority of the usual care subjects saw most of their health issues worsen.18
Smaller randomized studies, which are a higher level of evidence, also support ketogenic diets for improving diabetes control.19
The Diet Doctor policy for grading scientific evidence
GuideAs we base our guides on scientific evidence, it is important to have a clear policy for how to grade the strength of different kinds of evidence. Our policy is in many ways similar to other documents of its kind.
Other studies have shown that various dietary and lifestyle interventions can improve type 2 diabetes, though the results of these studies are typically not as dramatic as Virta's results, which showed an A1c reduction from 7.6 to 6.3 in one year.20
Looking at other popular diets, a randomized trial showed that a low-carb Mediterranean diet was better for glycemic control than a low-fat diet.21
A randomized trial of a vegan diet showed marginal improvements in diabetes markers and blood sugar control, with a reduction in HbA1c from 8.1 to 7.7 after a 74-week intervention.22 A paleo diet also showed modest improvement in diabetes markers and blood sugar control compared to a standard diabetes diet.23
In fact, any improvement upon a standard American diet is likely to show some benefit for type 2 diabetes, but when it comes to the degree of improvement, it appears that low-carb and ketogenic diets get top marks.
How low to go for diabetes?
Currently, available data suggest that a keto diet of less than 20 grams net carbs per day may be the most beneficial approach for treating type 2 diabetes, with real potential for putting the disease into remission. More liberal low-carb diets have also been shown to be effective, but keto diets will achieve more significant and faster improvement than other dietary interventions.
Where to start: For more information on treating type 2 diabetes with a keto or low-carb diet, see our guide:
How to reverse your type 2 diabetes
GuideDo you have type 2 diabetes, or are you at risk for diabetes? Do you worry about your blood sugar? Then you've come to the right place. You can normalize your blood sugar naturally as needed – without pills, calorie counting or hunger.
6. High blood pressure
When it comes to hypertension, most guidelines focus on the DASH (Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension) diet, a diet which is low in fat and salt, with an abundance of fruits and vegetables. In the initial trials, compared to a standard American diet, the DASH diet did show a small reduction in systolic blood pressure (SBP).24
However, low-carb and keto diets can also be effective at lowering blood pressure. In fact, in one study, the very low-carb Atkins diet had twice the improvement in BP reduction as Zone, LEARN, and Ornish diets: it reduced SBP by 7.6 points, compared to 2-3 points for the other diets.25 Another non-randomized, uncontrolled study of a Spanish Mediterranean keto diet reduced SBP from 125 to 109.26
Generally speaking, any diet that reduces weight should reduce blood pressure, but the improvement in BP seen with low-carb diets may not simply be a function of weight loss but instead may be related to the diet itself.27 In fact, a randomized study showed that a keto diet vs. a low-fat diet plus the weight loss drug orlistat resulted in similar weight loss, but better BP reduction with keto.28
How low to go for hypertension?
There is a lack of trials comparing a keto diet to a low-carb diet for control of blood pressure. The data above suggest you may wish to start with a keto diet (less than 20 grams of net carbs) for the maximum effect of lowering blood pressure without medication. However, losing weight with a low-carb diet is also likely to have beneficial effects.
Where to start: For more information on controlling high blood pressure with a keto or low-carb diet, see our guide:
How to normalize your blood pressure
GuideElevated blood pressure is a common health issue today. Almost a third of U.S. adults have high blood pressure – perhaps you or someone in your family does? High blood pressure isn't necessarily something you can feel, but it increases the risk of serious conditions such as strokes and heart attacks.
7. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
Over the last decade, one of the accepted evidence-based treatments for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) has been a low FODMAP diet.29 FODMAP is an abbreviation for "fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols," which are different types of short-chain carbohydrates (except for polyols, which are sugar alcohols).
If the removal of various short-chain carbohydrates has been proven in multiple studies to improve IBS symptoms, it stands to reason that a general low-carb diet could also be beneficial for IBS.
A 2009 small, short, non-randomized, uncontrolled study showed significant improvement in IBS symptoms in 77 percent of participants with documented IBS who followed a keto diet.30 Aside from this study, however, data to support a keto or low-carb diet for IBS is scarce.
How low to go for IBS?
Not enough scientific evidence exists to support a definitive recommendation for keto or low-carb in the treatment of IBS. However, anecdotal evidence, clinical experience, and findings related to FODMAP diets suggest that a keto diet or a low-carb diet that focuses specifically on limiting FODMAP foods could be beneficial and is a reasonable approach.31
Where to start: For more information on treating IBS with a keto or low-carb diet, see our guide:
IBS and the keto diet
GuideWhen Audra Atkins-Reeves started the low-carb keto diet in October 2016, her only aim was to lose weight — and happily she found within five months she had lost 40 lbs (18 kg). She discovered another welcome, unexpected benefit: Within a month of starting the keto diet her gut was remarkably calm, quiet, and cooperative for the first time in decades.
8. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
PCOS is the most common endocrine condition in women of reproductive age and is marked by hormonal disturbances that result in higher circulating male hormones, irregular or absent menstrual periods, and often cysts on the ovaries.
Women with PCOS are often overweight and have elevated insulin levels with insulin resistance.32 Additionally, some may tend to eat a higher glycemic index diet.33 The condition also puts women at much higher risk of both gestational diabetes and future type 2 diabetes.34
It is well-known that weight loss and treatment with metformin (a drug that enhances insulin sensitivity) will improve PCOS.35 Given that low-carb and keto diets are excellent at improving insulin resistance and causing weight loss, it makes sense that these types of eating strategies would also improve the signs and symptoms of PCOS.
Clinical trials have shown that modest restriction of dietary carbohydrate (41 to 43 percent of calories, not technically a low-carb diet and certainly not ketogenic) reduced markers of insulin resistance and decreased testosterone and cholesterol levels in women with PCOS.36 In another study, restricting carbohydrate to 40 percent of calories improved loss of fat mass in women with PCOS.37
One small 2005 study followed 11 women with PCOS as they embarked on a ketogenic diet for six months. The five women who completed the study greatly improved their weight, free testosterone levels, and fasting insulin levels. Two of them became pregnant during the study, despite previous infertility problems.38
In addition, a 2020 study used a ketogenic diet for 14 women with PCOS. The trial showed significant reductions in weight, glucose, insulin resistance, and testosterone, among other improvements.39
Some evidence also exists that fertility and reproductive health improves with a low-carb diet even in women without diagnosed PCOS. A systematic review of low-carb diets (defined as less than 45% of calories from carbs) in overweight and obese women showed positive effects on fertility hormones, ovulation, and pregnancy rates.40
Although these studies fail to compare moderately reduced carbohydrate diets to low-carb or keto diets, taken as a whole the data suggest that low-carb diets may be beneficial for treating PCOS and improving reproductive health and fertility.
How low to go for PCOS?
Any diet that leads to weight loss may be beneficial for PCOS, but lower carb diets have been shown to be successful at treating markers of PCOS and improving outcomes. It isn't clear whether ketogenic diets are superior to low carb, as no studies have directly compared these.
Where to start: For more information on treating or reversing PCOS with a keto or low-carb diet, see our guides:
9. Cholesterol abnormalities
Low-carb and keto diets may improve many people's overall cholesterol measures by reducing triglycerides (TG), raising HDL (high-density lipoprotein), and improving the size and density of LDL (low-density lipoprotein).41 Given that high triglycerides and low HDL are often present in those with insulin resistance, improvements in these markers with low-carb diets may reflect improvements in insulin sensitivity.42
Published in 2018, the one-year data from Virta Health's non-randomized trial showed a 24 percent decrease in triglycerides, 18 percent increase in HDL (with an impressive 29 percent decrease in the TG/HDL ratio), 20 percent reduction in small dense LDL, and multiple other beneficial effects.43
Some individuals see a dramatic rise in LDL concentration and increases in LDL particle size on ketogenic diets. It is not clear how often this happens, but it is estimated that between 5 and 30% of individuals who eat a low-carb diet will respond with higher LDL levels.44 However, whether this is a concern or not is uncertain.45
How low to go for cholesterol issues?
For blood lipid markers, it's not clear that there is a significant difference between a ketogenic (<20 g net carbs) diet or a low-carb (<100 g net carbs) approach because scientific studies have not compared the two. It is clear that a low-carb diet can improve these markers and that a ketogenic diet can have a dramatic impact on them.
You can read more about lowering triglycerides in our dedicated guide.
Where to start: For more information on addressing cholesterol issues with a keto or low-carb diet, see our guide:
Cholesterol and low-carb diets
GuideLearn what cholesterol is, how your body uses it, why low-carb and keto diets may lead to a change in blood cholesterol levels, and whether you should be concerned if your cholesterol increases with a keto or low-carb lifestyle.
10. Epilepsy
Ketogenic diets have been used as a treatment for childhood epilepsy (seizure disorder) since the 1920s and are still successfully used today for this purpose.46 The advent of seizure drugs has made nutritional ketosis mostly a second line treatment, but the development of safe, effective, consistent protocols has revived interest in these diets for seizure disorders.47
How low to go for epilepsy?
Specialists in treating childhood epilepsy with dietary interventions typically find that the higher the fat and lower the carb content, the more effective the diet.Therefore, a strict keto diet is likely to produce the most benefit by providing the brain with a steady supply of ketones it can use for fuel.In fact, there are some who experiment with exogenous ketones in this setting to supply the brain with higher levels of this alternative fuel, although there are no convincing studies to support this.48
Where to start: For more information on treating epilepsy with a keto diet, watch this video:
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11. Cognitive decline, Alzheimer's disease, and other neurological conditions
In treating existing cognitive decline, whether it is Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia, switching the brain's fuel from glucose to ketones appears to have a positive effect.49
Alzheimer's disease is sometimes referred to as "type 3 diabetes," as it appears to include insulin resistance in the brain with reduced ability of the brain cells to take up glucose.50 So switching fuel sources may be beneficial from a mechanistic point of view.
The biggest potential for using a ketogenic diet as a therapy may be in mild cognitive decline, but the lack of alternative treatments for severe cognitive decline make dietary changes attractive, although improvement has been difficult to demonstrate.51 This may also be an area where ketone supplementation could be beneficial, but again the level of evidence for consuming extra ketones over and above dietary changes is still low.52
Ketones appear to have a protective effect on the brain in general, and therefore we can speculate that a ketogenic diet may possibly benefit various neurological conditions such as traumatic brain injury, stroke, and other causes of nerve cell damage.53 This remains a hot topic of research.
How low to go for cognitive issues?
Early, limited data suggest a keto diet, which switches the brain's fuel from glucose to ketones, may be beneficial in improving symptoms of Alzheimer's dementia. While still highly exploratory, some individuals may want to try a ketogenic diet to see if their cognitive function improves when they remain in ketosis. To achieve this, most people would need to routinely stay under 20 grams of carbohydrate a day.
In theory, shifting the brain's metabolism from glucose to ketones could offer protective effects for other neurological conditions.While ketogenic diets for posttraumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, and Parkinson's disease are now being actively researched, the data are preliminary and not solid enough to strongly recommend it as a therapy.
Where to start: Diet Doctor has written some articles about the burgeoning – but still controversial – field. We have also published a video presentation about insulin and the brain by psychiatrist Georgia Ede below:
The ketogenic diet for Alzheimer's prevention and treatment: can it help?
GuideAlzheimer's disease and other related neurodegenerative conditions, which impact memory, behavior and decision-making, are now an epidemic hitting all Western societies.
6,870 views Add as favorite
12. Cancer adjunctive therapy
Ketogenic diets have the potential to assist in the treatment of certain cancers. Some cancer cells have an abnormal metabolism such that they depend completely on glucose for their fuel and are unable to oxidize fatty acids.54 Theoretically, switching the body's metabolic fuel source from glucose to fatty acids, as happens on a ketogenic diet, could potentially help treat some types of cancer.55
Based on the need to generate ketones, low-carb diets likely would not be as effective as keto diets. In addition, a ketogenic diet may help sensitize cancer cells to make radiation and chemotherapy more effective. Although the ultimate effect is speculative, this could help reduce the required dose to allow for adequate treatment with fewer toxic side effects.56
Animal research and limited human data suggest that a ketogenic diet may be beneficial when combined with traditional therapies for treating brain, prostate, colon, pancreatic and lung cancer.57 However, we should recognize that forms of cancer may differ greatly, and for some cancers, a ketogenic diet could actually stimulate tumor growth.58
Importantly, the amount of human evidence supporting a ketogenic diet for cancer treatment is limited, and this evidence supports a ketogenic diet combined with traditional treatment such as surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. There are no data showing a ketogenic diet to be superior to traditional therapy, or suggesting that it should be used as a solitary treatment.
This should be considered a scientific field in its infancy, with more information to come. You can learn more details in this podcast episode with cancer scientist Angela Poff, PhD.
How low to go?
It is too early to conclusively say keto diets help treat cancer, but preliminary evidence points to potential benefits for some cancers when combined with traditional therapies.
Furthermore, although no studies of this have been done, for an individual who is controlling type 2 diabetes or other conditions with a keto or low-carb diet, continuing this diet while undergoing cancer treatment might help to maintain overall health.
Where to start: For more information about how diet and cancer may be related, see Diet Doctor's introductory discussion about the Warburg effect in cancer. Also see the Diet Doctor article discussing the existing science and debate around using the ketogenic diet as an addition to standard therapy for the brain cancer, glioblastoma.
13. Lifestyle concerns
Athletic performance
Athletic performance on a keto diet remains a controversial subject with conflicting data.59 Issues of adaptation time, type of exercise, differences of training and racing diets, and baseline fitness all play a role in measuring response. Some studies that found a negative response investigated the effect of a keto diet on performance over as little as four days.60 That is a woefully inadequate time to allow for adaptation to a keto diet.
However, others show reduced competitive athletic performance after 25 days of a ketogenic diet, which is still questionable with respect to whether the subjects had enough time to adequately adapt to fat-burning.61
Fully adapting to a keto diet may take a lot of time, something many athletes may not have in preparation for an event. Yet to see maximal benefit, there needs to be a shift in fuel metabolism from glucose to ketones, with enough time for the body to adapt to performing in nutritional ketosis.62 It is estimated that this adaptation period typically takes four to six weeks, but in some cases it may take much longer.63
Based on anecdotal reports, it appears there are subsets of endurance athletes who thrive on a ketogenic diet, just as there are subsets who do worse. As of now, the science does not adequately define a way to predetermine who will do well and who will not. If one is willing to do a self-experiment for a minimum of six months, then a trial of a ketogenic diet seems reasonable.
For those who struggle, transitioning to a non-ketogenic low-carb diet, such as 100 grams of carbs per day, might allow athletic performance to improve, especially for the more glycolytic (glucose burning) activities such as sprinting or interval demands (e.g. jiu jitsu). We don't have solid evidence to compare a non-ketogenic low-carb diet to a high-carb diet, so again self-experimentation is likely the key to finding the best individualized approach.
Verdict: In theory, endurance exercise performance could improve with a keto diet after a prolonged adaptation period, but the data are inconclusive.
You can read more about other options for adjusting carb intake in our carb cycling guide.
Mental health, performance, and attention
This is an area full of anecdotal reports but with a shortage of scientific evidence. In theory, shifting the brain's metabolism from glucose to ketones could be beneficial for cognitive function in general. Therefore, a ketogenic diet of under 20 grams is required. Even then, however, there is no consensus as to improved cognition. This is an area best left to self-experimenters to see if they happen to see improved mental clarity and less brain fog.
Verdict:No clear evidence. Self-experimentation with a keto diet is reasonable, as carbohydrate is a non-essential nutrient. Diet Doctor has written a few articles that explore the nature of the evidence so far for both mental health conditions and for attention deficit disorder.
Source: https://www.dietdoctor.com/low-carb/is-low-carb-right-for-you